Association between general self-efficacy and HIV-related stigma among newly HIV-diagnosed man who have sex with man / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the association between general self-efficacy (GSES) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-related stigma among newly HIV-diagnosed men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing. Methods HIV testing was conducted among MSM who met the inclusion criteria in Beijing from April 2013 to April 2014. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among newly HIV-diagnosed MSM. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between general self-efficacy and HIV-related stigma among newly HIV-diagnosed MSM. Results Of the 367 newly HIV-diagnosed MSM, the general self-efficacy score of was (31.5±6.3) and the HIV-related stigma score was (26.9±20.9). Multiple linear regression showed that after adjusting for confounding factors, general self-efficacy was negativly associated with HIV-related stigma (GSES was continuous variable β=-0.010, P=0.022; GSES was dichotomous variable β=-0.117, P=0.028 ). Conclusions The newly HIV-diagnosed MSM face the problem of HIV-related stigma. For newly HIV-diagnosed MSM, higher self-efficacy helps reduce HIV-related stigma.

Preliminary study on the risk of macrosomia using Bayesian discriminant analysis based on prenatal records / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To explore the clinical effect of Bayesian discriminant analysis in predicting the risk of macrosomia. Methods 169 fetal macrosomia and 169 non-macrosomia were enrolled in a 1:1 matched case-control study. Conditional Logistic regression was used to select the discriminant indexes,and the discriminant indexes were put into the Bayesian discriminant model to obtain the Bayesian discriminant function. The discriminant function was the retrospectively examined and externally tested. Results The results of conditional Logistic regression model indicated that mother's height, early pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational diabetes, gestational weeks, the height of uterine and abdominal circumference were associated with the birth of fetal macrosomia. The Bayesian discriminant function were established: Fetal macrosomia:y1=-27.802+8.420×Mother＇s height+8.719×early pregnancy BMI+10.485×gestational weeks+3.375×gestational diabetes+2.862×height of uterine and abdominal circumference; Non-macrosomia y2=-17.477+7.161×Mother＇s height+7.217×early pregnancy BMI+7.862×gestational weeks+2.036×gestational diabetes-0.085×height of uterine and abdominal circumference. Wilks′ Lambda λ=0.489, P<0.001, the Bayesian discriminant function was statistically significant. The internal and external conformity rates of the Bayesian discriminant model were all more than 80%. Conclutions The birth of fetal macrosomia is related to many factors. The Bayesian discriminant model in the present study is valuable to discriminate macrosomia and provide an objective reference for more accurate identification of macrosomia in the future.

Analysis on potential factors of small for gestational age of Zhuang ethnicity in Wuming District of Nanning / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of small for gestational age (SGA) in Zhuang population, and to analyze the potential factors of SGA. Methods A total of 3 839 live births in the Wuming District People’s Hospital and Wuming Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2016 to January 2018 were recruited. Random Forest, 2 test and Logistic regression model were used for statistical analyses. Results The incidence of SGA was 9.6% (368/3 839), and it was 6.9% (142/2 049) and 12.6% (226/1 790) for male and female infants respectively. Random Forest method showed that second-trimester intrauterine growth restriction’s importance score was the highest, but gestational week’s was the lowest. Also, seven important variables were selected by this method. Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that parity <2, the height of mothers <1.55 m, insufficient gestational weight gain, second-trimester intrauterine growth restriction were risk factors for SGA, but pre-pregnancy BMI ≥18.5 kg/m2 and male infants were protective factors. Conclusions The incidence of SGA is slightly higher, among the Zhuang population in Guangxi. SGA is affected by many factors. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the status of intrauterine growth and adopt comprehensive measures to control and reduce the incidence of SGA.

Correlation between polymorphism of sex hormone binding globulin and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study aims to investigate the correlation between polymorphism of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) Asp327Asn (rs6259) locus and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>621 cases with HCC and 621 cancer-free controls from two hospitals of Guangxi were recruited from January, 2007 to June, 2010. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of SHBG Asp327Asn were detected by ABI7500 Fast Real-Time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was applied to analyze risk of HCC among different genotypes carriers and their interaction with the exposure factors. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to detect the relationship between onset age of HCC and genotypes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The frequencies of Asp/Asp, Asp/Asn and Asn/Asn genotype in case group were 86.31% (536/621), 12.40% (77/621) and 1.29% (8/621), respectively; while those in control group were 81.00% (503/621), 17.39% (108/621) and 1.61% (10/621), respectively. Significant difference in the genotype frequencies distribution was found between case and control groups (χ2=6.465, P<0.05). Compared with those harboring Asp/Asp genotype, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the HCC risk of Asn/Asn+Asp/Asn genotype carriers was significantly decreased (adjusted OR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.40-0.98). Interaction analysis showed that there was interaction between the polymorphisms and two exposure factors, drinking (adjusted OR=3.45, 95%CI: 1.74-6.83) and HBV infection (adjusted OR=40.77, 95%CI: 21.60-76.97). Among those male patients with history of drinking, survival analysis indicated that the mean age of onset of individuals harboring Asp/Asp genotypes ((47.99±0.75) years-old) was 6 years earlier than those with Asn/Asn or Asp/Asn genotypes ((53.68±2.07) years-old) (χ2=6.91, P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Polymorphism of SHBG (Asp327Asn) may be associated with both the risk of HCC occurrence and onset age of HCC.</p>

Relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma and the interaction between NQO1 polymorphisms and environmental factors / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the interaction of polymorphisms in the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) gene with environmental factors using a hospital-based case-control study. FMETHODS: our-hundred newly diagnosed HCC cases and 400 healthy individuals (non-tumor controls) were enrolled in the study. Demographic information and medical history was obtained by questionnaire. TaqMan minor groove binder real-time PCR was carried out to detect the NQO1 C609T genotype using blood-derived DNA from all study participants. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The frequencies of NQO1 609 CC, CT and TT genotypes were 23.75%, 50.25% and 28.00% in the HCC group, and 37.55%, 43.75% and 18.25% in the control group. The differences between the HCC and control group reached statistical significance (all P less than 0.05). The ORs of NQO1 609 CT and TT genotypes were significantly higher compared to the CC genotype; the adjusted OR(95% CI) of CT was 2.106(1.137-3.110) and of TT was 2.564(1.357-4.744). Individuals carrying the NQO1 609 T allelic gene had a significantly higher risk of HCC than those carrying the C allelic gene; the adjusted OR(95% CI) was 1.86(1.235-2.980). Interactions were found between hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positivity and NQO1 gene polymorphisms (adjusted OR: 2.431) and history of cancer (adjusted OR: 8.3592).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The NQO1 C609T genotype is associated with increased risk of HCC. Interactions between HBsAg-positive infection, history of cancer, and NQO1 gene polymorphisms may contribute to HCC.</p>

Relationship between IL6 -572G/C polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma in men / 中华肝脏病杂志

To study the relationship between the interleukin (IL)6 -572G/C polymorphism and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in men.A hospital-based case-control study was conducted with 500 male HCC patients without tumor history in other organs and 590 healthy male controls without history of tumors or chronic diseases. All HCC cases were diagnosed by histopathology. The controls were recruited from the Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Ophthalmology at the same hospital. The IL-6 promoter -572G/C polymorphism and its genotype variants were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The Chi-squared test and unconditional logistic regression analyses were applied to determine the risk of HCC among men carrying the different genotype variants.The frequencies of alleles and distribution of genotypes in the -572G/C loci were not significantly different between the HCC cases and controls (P more than 0.05). The Chi-squared test indicated that the polymorphisms of the loci were not associated with HCC in our male population. However, after adjusting by multivariate logistic regression, the odds ratio (OR) of HCC for the G allele (CG + GG genotypes) carriers was 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00 - 1.71) compared with the CC genotype. Among the male HBV carriers, the CG genotype increased HCC risk significantly (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.14 - 2.24) compared with the CC genotype. A trend test indicated that HCC risk was significantly increased with the numbers of G alleles (P trend less than 0.05). Breslow-Day tests of homogeneity of the ORs indicated an interaction between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and polymorphisms of IL-6 (P less than 0.05). The synthetic odds ratio (OReg) of HBV infection and harboring a G allele was 5.95 (95% CI: 3.99-8.87), which represented a super multiplication interaction.Polymorphism of the IL-6 promoter -572 loci may be associated with HCC occurrence in men. Moreover, there is a super multiplication interaction for HCC risk between HBV infection and harboring the IL-6 G allele.

Study on the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-6, IL-10 genes and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)in cytokine IL-6, IL- 10 genes and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Methods A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in 381 cases with HBV-related HCC, 340 HBsAg carriers and 359 non-tumor controls. Genotypes of-572 site of IL-6 gene and-819, -592 sites of IL-10 gene were determined by real-time polymorphism chain reaction. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios(ORs)and 95 confidence intervals(C/s). Results For the G/C alleles of -572 loci on IL-6 gene, there were significant differences between the three groups(P＜0.05). Compared with CC genotype, GG genotype increased the risk of HBV infection (OR=2.171,95% Ch 1.068-4.415), but did not seem to be associated with HCC. For the alleles of-819 and -592 site of IL-10 gene, there were significant differences between the three groups(P＜0.05). Compared with CC genotype, TT genotype increased the risks of both HCC(OR=2.791,95%CI:1.326-5.874), and HCC in HBsAg carriers(0R=3.522,95%CI: 1.707-7.266). When compared with CC genotype on -592 site, the AA genotype reduced the risk of both HCC(OR=0.389, 95% CI:0.173-0.875), and HCC in HBsAg carriers(OR=0.336, 95% CI: 0.154-0.734). Conclusion The SNPs in -572 site of IL-6 gone might be associated with the risk of HBV infection. The SNPs in -819 site of IL-10 gene increased the risk of HCC, but -592 site of IL-10 gene decreased the risk of HCC.

On-site assessment on the definition and classification of suspected cases in the manual of WHO Japanese Encephalitis Surveillance Standards / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To assess the new edition of WHO Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Surveillance Standards (WHO Standards) based on syndrome surveillance data and to provide field evidence regarding the standards. Methods Based on syndrome surveillance data, acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) case was categorized, according to the WHO Standards. A cohort study was applied to estimate the AES definition set in the Standard and relative risk was computed to estimate the existence and intensity of statistical correlation between AES and JE cases. Percentage of attributable risk was counted to describe the coverage of AES for JE cases in the studied population. Sensitivity,specificity, Youden index and positive predictive value of AES components were calculated for the purpose of identifying the clinical values under the screening program. Results 1424 suspected cases were evaluated in the surveillance program and 1396 cases with ELISA result, of which 109 positive cases were detected. According to the "standardized" classification, a total of 706 cases in line with AES case deftuition, were categorized into 83 cases of JE, 425 cases of AES unknown and 198 cases of AES other agent. In the cohort study,a relative risk of 4.62 (95% CI:2.80-7.63 ) and the percentage of attributable risk as 78.35% (95% CI: 64.25% -86.89% ) were observed. Conclusion The AES definition for JE was significantly effecting on the screening programs and a strong correlation strength was observed in the study. AES syndrome could cover most of the JE cases. "Convulsions",with appreciative screening value, was recommended to be involved into the new version of the WHO Standards.

Association of XPC and XPG polymorphisms with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether the polymorphism of DNA repair genes XPC (Ala499Val and Lys939Gln) and XPG (His1104Asp) is associated with the susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in 500 cases with HCC and 507 controls. Genotypes of XPC and XPG were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction with the TaqMan MGB probe.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared to the CC genotype, the CT genotype and the TT genotype of XPC Ala499Val were not associated with the susceptibility to HCC (adjusted OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.85-2.12; adjusted OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 0.68-2.51, respectively). Compared to the AA genotype, the AC genotype and the CC genotype of Lys939Gln were not associated with the susceptibility to HCC (adjusted OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.78-1.85; adjusted OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 0.88-3.73, respectively). Compared to the CC genotype, the CG genotype and the GG genotype of XPG His1104Asp were not associated with the susceptibility to HCC (adjusted OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.56-1.27; adjusted OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.67-1.87, respectively) However, the stratified analysis revealed that the females with the AC+CC genotype of XPC Lys939Gln had increased risk of HCC compared to those with AA genotype (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.01-4.64).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results suggest that XPC and XPG polymorphisms do not independently affect on the susceptibility to HCC, but the joint effect of C allele of XPC Lys939Gln and female may modify the risk of HCC.</p>

Study on the incidence of β-Thalassemia and genotypes among children under 7 year-olds in Nanning, Liuzhou and Baise areas, Guangxi province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To conduct research of β-Thalassemia incidence and genotypes on children below 7 years of age in Nanning, Liuzhou and Baise areas, Guangxi province. Methods A total of 2261 children aged below 7 in Nanning, Liuzhou and Baise areas were studied. Venous blood was detected by routine blood test, hemoglobin analysis and β-Thalassemia genotyping. Results Among 2261 samples, 125 showed high level of HbA2 and were diagnosed as β-Thalassemia (5.53%). Genotypes of the patients were classified as: 59 cases with β-globin gene eondon (CD) 41-42 mutation, 33 cases CD17 mutation, 18 cases with TA TA box nt-28 mutation, 7 with IVS-Ⅱ-654 mutation, 3 with CD43 mutation, 3 with HbE mutation, one with CD71-72 and TATA box nt-29 mutation, respectively. The genotyping frequencies of β-Thalassemia were as follows: 47.20% for CD41-42 mutation, 26.40% for CD17 mutation, 14.40% for TATAbox nt-28 mutation, 5.60% for IVS-Ⅱ -654 mutation, 2.40% for CD43 mutation, 2.40% for HbE mutation, 0.80% for CD71-72 mutation and TATAbox nt-29 mutation respectively. Conclusion This study on children in the area with high incidence of β-Thalassemia reflected the incidence and characteristics of genotypes in this area. Our data also provided evidence for the development of a program on genetic counseling and prevention for thalassemia.

Study on the relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma and the interaction between polymorphisms in DNA repair gene XPD and environmental factors / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma and the interaction of polymorphisms in DNA repair gene XPD with environmental factors. Methods A hospital-based ease-control study on hepatoeellular carcinoma was conducted. All the hepatocellular carcinoma eases (n=300) were newly diagnosed and controls (n=312) were diagnosed with non-tumor cases. XPD genotype (Lys751 Gin and Asp312 Ash) from blood derived DNA was determined using TaqMan MGB Real-time PCR. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results For XPD condon 751 genotypes, there was no significant difference between frequencies of the AC or CC among patients and controls (P>0.05) (referent AA). The frequency of XPD312A allelic gene was higher in eases than that in controls and was associated with an increased risk (adjusted OR = 2.62,95% CI: 1.626-4.222) for hepatocellular carcinoma when compared with GG genotype. Interactions were found between infection of HBsAg and XPD312 (OR=7.348), as well as between smoking and non-wild type gene of XPD751 (0R=4.291) and XPD312 (OR=5.341). Conclusion DNA repair XPD312A allelic gene might increase the risk of Hepatocellular carcinoma. Interactions between HBsAg infection, smoking and XPD were observed in Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Evaluation of the risk of clonorchiasis inducing primary hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between clonorchiasis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and analyze the synergistic actions of HBV infection, alcohol consumption and clonorchiasis on HCC development.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This hospital-based case-control study was conducted among 444 HCC patients (cases) and 500 non tumor patients (controls) to compare the prevalence of clonorchiasis in the cases and the controls. The risk of clonorchiasis and the synergistic actions between HBV infection, alcohol consumption and clonorchiasis on HCC development were analyzed by crossover analysis and multiple logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of clonorchiasis in the cases (16.44%) was much higher than that of the controls (2.40%) (X2 = 56.58, P less than 0.01). In the case group, the OR value of those with clonorchiasis was 8.00 (95% CI: 4.34-14.92). The OR value was 4.82 (95% CI: 2.32-10.26) for the subjects whose clonorchiasis was diagnosed less than 10 years before their diagnosis of HCC, and was 17.54 (95% CI: 5.47-57.18) for those whose HCC was diagnosed more than 10 years ago. HBV infection, alcohol consumption and clonorchiasis showed an additive interaction in the development of HCC, with a relative excess risk of interaction of 110.43 and 18.23; attributable proportion of interaction of 0.80 and 0.63; synergy index of 5.18 and 2.84, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Clonorchiasis could be an important risk factor for HCC. When the course of clonorchiasis is prolonged, the risk of HCC could increase. HBV infection, alcohol consumption and clonorchiasis might have synergistic actions on the development of HCC.</p>

Synergistic effect of HBV infection, alcohol and raw fish consumption on oncogenisis of primary hepatic carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the correlation of eating raw fish with primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC), and to investigate the synergistic effect of HBV infection, alcohol consumption and eating raw fish on the oncogenesis of PHC.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A hospital-based case-control study was conducted among 500 PHC patients and 500 non-cancerous patients in order to compare the history of eating raw fish. The synergistic pathogenetic action of eating raw fish, HBV infection and alcohol consumption on carcinogenesis of PHC was analyzed by crossover analysis and multiple logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rates of eating raw fish in the past between the case (54.8%) and the control group (8.4%) were significantly different (P < 0.001). OR value of suffering PHC in the patients who ate raw fish in the past was 13.6 (95% CI: 9.1-19.5) when compared with the non-cancerous patient. HBV infection, alcohol consumption and eating raw fish showed an interactive effect on the development of PHC, with a relative excessive risk of interaction(RERI) of 195.3 and 17.8; attributable proportion of interaction (API) of 0.8630 and 0.5251; and synergy index (S) of 7.5 and 2.8, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A history of eating raw fish may be an important risk factor for suffering primary hepatic carcinoma. HBV infection, alcohol consumption and eating raw fish may have a synergistic effect on the developing of primary hepatic carcinoma.</p>

Etiologic fraction and interaction of risk factors for primary hepatic carcinoma in Guangxi, China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore etiologic fraction (EF) and interaction of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and other risk factors for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) in Guangxi, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A hospital-based case-control study including 500 PHC patients and 500 nontumorous patients was carried out in Guangxi. EF and interactions of HBV infection and other risk factors for PHC were analyzed by crossover analysis and nonconditional multiple logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HBV infection, family history of PHC, diabetes mellitus, eating raw fish, heavy alcohol consumption, frequently used drug, low income, mental oppression and blood type B all were risk factors for PHC. With EFs of 0.725, 0.186, 0.119, 0.486, 0.385, 0.438, 0.277, 0.607, 0.299, respectively and with etiologic fractions attributable to interaction [EF(A xB)] of 0.736, 0.643, 0.849, 0.551, 0.592, 0.618, 0.902, 0.577; and indices of interaction of 0.743, 0.651, 0.853, 0.560, 0.600, 0.626, 0.907, 0.586, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Main risk factors for PHC might include HBV infection, family history of PHC, diabetes mellitus, eating raw fish, heavy alcohol consumption, frequently used drug, low income, mental oppression and blood type B. HBV infection with other risk factors might exert synergistic action on developing PHC and increase the risk of PHC.</p>

A case-control study on congenital heart diseases with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, cystathionine beta-synthase gene, and environmental factors / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore congenital heart diseases (CHD) in their offsprings in association with parental methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T, cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene T833C, and environmental factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A 1:1 case-control study was carried out to investigate 115 pairs of case and controlled children and their parents, and the parents' MTHFR gene 677 C-->T mutation and CBS gene 833 T-->C mutation were also identified. The possible risk factors were analysed by simple and multiple factors logistic regression methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Results revealed that 5 factors were related to the occurrence of CHD in the offsprings: maternal exposures to pesticides in the early stage of pregnancy (OR = 8.62), suffering from diseases during pregnancy (OR = 2.069), catching cold in the early stage of pregnancy (OR = 4.125), under depressed or nervous condition during pregnancy (OR = 4.653), maternal MTHFR 677TT genotype (OR = 3.872).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results suggested that maternal MTHFR 677TT genotype was one of the risks to the occurrence of CHD in offspring but parents' CBS gene 833 T-->C mutation did not get involved in CHD. In addition, the occurrence of CHD was related to maternal exposures to pesticides, catching a cold, suffering from diseases, depressed or under nervous condition in the early stage of pregnancy or during pregnancy.</p>

A case-control study on the risk factor of perinatals' congenital malformations in seven cities of Guangxi / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the possible risk factors of congenital malformations in cities of Guangxi.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study was carried out on 281 cases of congenital malformations and 730 controls. Analysis of simple factor and multiple factors unconditional logistic regression were done.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The analysis of simple factor and multiple factors showed that main risk factors of congenital malformations as multiple pregnancies (OR = 2.6), pregnancy complications (OR = 3.2), exposure to chemical substances before or during pregnancy (OR = 3.0), taking sedatives (OR = 10.2), hormone drug (OR = 9.4) or Chinese herbal medicines (OR = 2.5) during the early stage of pregnancy, mothers' blood type as AB (OR = 3.5) or A (OR = 2.2), mothers' emotion being nervous and melancholy (OR = 2.6), mothers' occupation being workers (OR = 3.8) or peasants (OR = 3.0), fathers' exposure to noise (OR = 5.7) or suffering from chronic diseases (OR = 2.8).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Some risk factors were identified as having important effect on perinatal congenital malformations, including taking sedatives, hormone drug or Chinese herbal medicines during the early stage of pregnancy, mothers' emotion being nervous and melancholy, multiple pregnancies, pregnancy complications, exposure to chemical substances before or during pregnancies, mothers' blood type as AB or A, mothers' occupation being workers or peasants, fathers' exposure to noise or suffering from chronic diseases.</p>